Historically the altar is where people made sacrifices to commune with their Deity. In Freemasonry it is where masons, who commune with the Grand Architect of the Universe, can all together commune with deity.
The By-Laws of a Lodge state the meeting times and days for it's stated (monthly) communications (meetings) and how misconduct will be treated and other "governing" rules.
The Charter of a lodge is that lodge's document saying that a able to meet. It is given out but the Grand Lodge and will have the signatures of the leadership of the Grand Lodge during the year it was issued.